Many
people are involved in diligent
research concerning the
use of all capital letters
for proper names, e.g.,
JOHN PAUL JONES as a substitute
for John Paul Jones in all
court documents, driver's
licenses, bank accounts,
birth certificates, etc.
Is the use of all capital
letters to designate a name
some special English grammar
rule or style? Is it a contemporary
American style of English?
Is the use of this form
of capitalization recognized
by educational authorities?
Is this an official judicial
or U.S. government rule
and/or style of grammar?
Why do attorneys, court
clerks, prosecutors judges,
insurance companies, banks,
credit card companies, utility
companies, etc. always use
all capital letters when
writing a proper name?
What
English grammar experts
say...
One
of the foremost authorities
on American English grammar,
style, composition, and
rules is The Chicago Manual
of Style. The latest (14th)
Edition, published by the
University of Chicago Press,
is internationally known
and respected as a major
contribution to maintaining
and improving the standards
of written or printed text.
Since we can find no reference
in their manual concerning
the use of all capitalized
letters with a proper name
or any other usage, we wrote
to the editors and asked
this question:
"Is
it acceptable, or is there
any rule of English grammar,
to allow a proper name to
be written in all capital
letters? For example, if
my name was John Paul Jones,
can it be written as JOHN
PAUL JONES? Is there any
rule covering this?"
The
Editorial Staff of the University
of Chicago answered:
"Writing
names in all caps is not
conventional; it is not
Chicago style to put anything
in all caps. For instance,
even if 'GONE WITH THE WIND'
appears on the title page
all in caps, we would properly
render it 'Gone with the
Wind' in a bibliography.
The only reason we can think
of to do so is if you are
quoting some material where
it is important to the narrative
to preserve the casing of
the letters.
“We're
not sure in what context
you would like your proper
name to appear in all caps,
but it is likely to be seen
as a bit odd."
Law
is extremely precise. Every
letter, capitalization,
punctuation mark, etc.,
in a legal document is utilized
for a specific reason and
has legal (i.e. deadly force)
consequences. If, for instance,
one attempts to file articles
of incorporation in the
office of a Secretary of
State of a State, if the
exact title of the corporation
— down to every jot
and title— is not
exactly the same each and
every time the corporation
is referenced in the documents
to be filed, the Secretary
of State will refuse to
file the papers. This is
because each time the name
of the corporation is referenced
it must be set forth identically
in order to express the
same legal entity. The tiniest
difference in the name of
the corporation identifies
an entirely different legal
person.
It is therefore an eminently
valid, and possibly crucial,
question as to why governments,
governmental courts, and
agencies purporting to exist
(in some undefined, unproved
manner) within the jurisdiction
of “this state”
insist on always capitalizing
every letter in a proper
name.
Mary Newton Bruder, Ph.D.,
also known as The Grammar
Lady, who established the
Grammar Hotline in the late
1980's for the "Coalition
of Adult Literacy,"
was asked the following
question:
"Why
do federal and state government
agencies and departments,
judicial and administrative
courts, insurance companies,
etc., spell a person's proper
name in all capital letters?
For example, if my name
is John Paul Jones, is it
proper at any time to write
my name as JOHN PAUL JONES?"
Dr. Bruder's reply was short
and to the point: "It
must be some kind of internal
style. There is no grammar
rule about it."
It seemed that these particular
grammatical experts had
no idea why proper names
were written in all caps,
so we began to assemble
an extensive collection
of reference books authored
by various publishers, governments,
and legal authorities to
find the answer.
What
English grammar reference
books say...
Manual
on Usage & Style
One of the reference books
obtained was the "Manual
on Usage & Style,"
Eighth Edition, ISBN I-878674-51-X,
published by the Texas Law
Review in 1995. Section
D, CAPITALIZATION, paragraph
D: 1:1 states:
"Always
capitalize proper nouns...
[Proper nouns], independent
of the context in which
they are used, refer to
specific persons, places,
or things (e.g., Dan, Austin,
Rolls Royce)."
Paragraph D: 3:2 of Section
D states:
"Capitalize
People, State, and any other
terms used to refer to the
government as a litigant
(e.g., the People's case,
the State's argument), but
do not capitalize other
words used to refer to litigants
(e.g., the plaintiff, defendant
Manson)."
Either no attorney, judge,
or law clerk in Texas has
ever read the recognized
law style manual that purports
to pertain to them, or the
act is a deliberate violation
of the rules for undisclosed
reasons. In either ignorance
(“ignorance of the
law is no excuse”)
or violation (one violating
the law he enforces on others
is acting under title of
nobility and abrogating
the principle of equality
under the law) of law, they
continue to write "Plaintiff,”
"Defendant," "THE
STATE OF TEXAS" and
proper names of parties
in all capital letters on
every court document.
The
Elements of Style
Another well-recognized
reference book is "The
Elements of Style,"
Fourth Edition, ISBN 0-205-30902-X,
written by William Strunk,
Jr. and E.B. White, published
by Allyn & Bacon in
1999. Within this renowned
English grammar and style
reference book, is found
only one reference to capitalization,
located within the Glossary
at "proper noun,"
page 94, where it states:
"The
name of a particular person
(Frank Sinatra), place (Boston),
or thing (Moby Dick). Proper
nouns are capitalized."
There's an obvious and legally
evident difference between
capitalizing the first letter
of a proper name as compared
to capitalizing every letter
used to portray the name.
The
American Heritage Book
of English Usage
The American Heritage Book
of English Usage, A Practical
and Authoritative Guide
to Contemporary English,
published in 1996, at Chapter
9, E-Mail, Conventions and
Quirks, Informality, states:
"To
give a message special emphasis,
an E-mailer may write entirely
in capital letters, a device
E-mailers refer to as screaming.
Some of these visual conventions
have emerged as away of
getting around the constraints
on data transmission that
now limit many networks".
Here is a reference source,
within contemporary —
modern — English,
that states it is of an
informal manner to write
every word of — specifically
— an electronic message,
a.k.a. e-mail, in capital
letters. They say it's "screaming"
to do so. By standard definition,
we presume that is the same
as shouting or yelling.
Are all judges, as well
as their court clerks and
attorneys, shouting at us
when they corrupt our proper
names in this manner? (If
so, what happened to the
decorum of a court if everyone
is yelling?) Is the insurance
company screaming at us
for paying the increased
premium on our Policy? This
is doubtful as to any standard
generalization, even though
specific individual instances
may indicate this to be
true. It is safe to conclude,
however, that it would also
be informal to write a proper
name in the same way.
Does this also imply that
those in the legal profession
are writing our Christian
names informally on court
documents? Are not attorneys
and the courts supposed
to be specific, formally
writing all legal documents
to the "letter of the
law?" If the law is
at once both precise and
not precise, what is its
significance, credibility,
and force and effect?
New
Oxford Dictionary of English
"The
New Oxford Dictionary of
English" is published
by the Oxford University
Press. Besides being considered
the foremost authority on
the British English language,
this dictionary is also
designed to reflect the
way language is used today
through example sentences
and phrases. We submit the
following definitions from
the 1998 edition:
Proper
noun (also proper name).
Noun. A name used for an
individual person, place,
organization, spelled with
an initial capital letter,
e.g. Jane, London, and Oxfam.
Name.
Noun 1 A word or set of
words by which a person,
animal, place, or thing
is known,addressed, or referred
to: my name is Parsons,
John Parsons. Kalkwasser
is the German name for limewater.
Verb 2 Identify by name;
give the correct name for:
the dead man has been named
as John Mackintosh. Phrases.
3 In the name of. Bearing
or using the name of a specified
person or organization:
a driving license in the
name of William Sanders.
From
the "Newbury House
Dictionary of American English,"
published by Monroe Allen
Publishers, Inc., (1999):
name
n. I [C] a word by which
a person, place, or thing
is known: Her name is Diane
Daniel.
We can find absolutely no
example in any recognized
reference book that specifies
or allows the use of all
capitalized names, proper
or common. There is no doubt
that a proper name, to be
grammatically correct, must
be written with only the
first letter capitalized,
with the remainder of the
word in a name spelled with
lower case letters. |